Marijuana could generate up to Bt8 billion for Thailand’s pharmaceutical industry over the next five years, but farmers stand to make little from growing the herb, experts say.
Last year, Thailand removed cannabis and hemp leaves from its list of banned narcotics (seeds and buds remain banned).
Individuals are still prohibited from growing marijuana for sale, though universities, community enterprises, medical professionals and traditional medicine practitioners can seek a licence to grow it commercially.
“We believe marijuana has great potential as a cash crop because more patients will start using marijuana-based drugs soon,” said Ravissa Suchato, an economist at Kasetsart University’s Agricultural and Resource Economics Department.
Ravissa led a study titled “Economic Impact of Commercialised Cannabis Cultivation in Thailand”, which was funded by the Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) and covered both traditional and modern medicine.
The study found that modern medicine has used marijuana to treat patients suffering from three key conditions – cancer, epilepsy and multiple sclerosis.
Two natural compounds found in plants of the cannabis genus, cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), are used in both traditional and modern medicine.
THC produces a sense of euphoria (a “high”), while CBD has been shown to help patients suffering from anxiety, depression and seizures.
In Thailand, cannabis-based medication is used for palliative care of cancer patients, not as a cure for disease, said Ravissa, adding that almost 1 million (996,743) patients are believed to have taken marijuana-based medicines in Thailand last year.
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February 19, 2021 The Plao-Ploen herbal development center in BuriRam province is the first community enterprise selected by the GPO. Thai law does not permit individuals to cultivate cannabis so, in order to grow cannabis legally, farmers have to form a community enterprise.
Money matters in modern medicine
Based on average use of 170 grams per person per year, the estimated market value of medical cannabis will rise to Bt4.4 billion in 2025. About Bt1.2 billion worth of medical cannabis was consumed last year.
If average per-person consumption rises to 240 grams per year, the value will grow as high as Bt8 billion by 2025.
The market value of modern cannabis-based pharmaceuticals will vary based on the price of marijuana and amounts used. The price of marijuana used as an ingredient in modern medications is estimated at between Bt153 and Bt744 per gram, based on the price set in other countries. Thailand does not have a market price for marijuana yet because it’s still not being sold commercially.
Marijuana-based pharmaceuticals are expected to be produced by the Government Pharmaceutical Organisation (GPO), Chao Phya Abhaibhubejhr Hospital and the Public Health Ministry’s Herb and Thai Traditional Medicine Division.
In this photo taken on January 15, 2021 a chef prepares cannabis leaves for consumption at the Abhaibhubejhr Spa Cuisine restaurant at the Abhaibhubejhr Day Spa, next to Chao Phraya Aphaiphubet Hospital in Prachinburi. (Photo by Lillian SUWANRUMPHA / AFP)
Cheaper herbal concoctions
The market value of traditional cannabis-based medicines is far lower, estimated at about Bt10.4 million last year. It is forecast to grow by about 30 per cent annually, reaching Bt38 million in the next five years.
Just under 700 kilograms of marijuana priced at Bt15 per gram was used in traditional medicines last year.
In comparison, up to 2.2 tonnes of marijuana was used in modern medicines last year, and that figure is expected to rise to 10.8 tonnes in 2025.
“Based on these estimates, we will only need a relatively small plantation area of about 19 rai [3.04 hectares] to meet the demand for marijuana in the pharmaceutical and traditional medication industry,” Ravissa said.
That would mean farmers stand to gain little from cultivating marijuana for medical use.
However, this study does not cover the use of cannabis-hemp in food products or in the textile industry.
The global market for legalised marijuana in 2018 was worth US$10.3 billion and is expected to rise to $39.4 billion in 2023. Of this, marijuana for recreational purposes accounted for $5.2 billion in 2018, which is expected to rise by 38.7 per cent to $26.8 billion.
“Globally, the recreational use of marijuana has risen a lot faster than pharmaceutical use, so the prospect of exporting marijuana-based medicines from Thailand is still a long way off,” Ravissa added.
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“We grabbed the chance to educate the public about cannabis consumption and other related facts, ” she sa ys . The Narcotics Act of B.E. 2522 that identified cannabis as an illegal substance in 1979 put Thailand behind many nations in term s of research into breeding varieties for health use.
Wider use
Somporn Isvilanonda, a senior fellow at the Knowledge Network Institute of Thailand, agrees that both cannabis and hemp have the potential to become cash crops.
If the stems and leaves of the cannabis plant can be used as an ingredient in food and beverages, then the potential of marijuana as a cash crop will rise further.
Investors have recently shown interest in buying shares in Thai corporations that are expected to use oil from hemp-cannabis plants in their products, including Charoen Pokphand Foods, Carabao Group, T.A.C. Consumer, Osostspa and Ichitan.
Hemp also has great potential in the textile industry, especially since its fibre has been used to make cloth in Thailand.
Viroj Na Ranong, research director at Thailand Research Development, however, has doubts about the money-spinning potential of cannabis.
“At this point, we are not sure about how many diseases cannabis can treat. As far as I know, it can only be used to help people ‘feel good’, plus it can also become addictive,” he argued, adding that politicians may be exaggerating the benefits of marijuana to win votes.
By Thai PBS World’s Business Desk
